I read a review by Helwand of the chain many years ago and have always accepted what they said about it.
1) The number of teeth engaged hardly affects the total friction as the 'loading' on each tooth is devided by the number of teeath engaged, thus, the overall friction remains in the same order as you increase or decrease the number of teeth over which it's all shared. However, the wear rate on a smaller drive sprocket is MUCH higher as each tooth suffers higher loadings, more frequently.
2) The radius of the drive sprocket is a significant factor. Just check the temperature of your chain the INSTANT you stop after a fast lap.... then apply 'burn-eze' to your fingers! Larger Dia sprockets significantly reduce the heat in the chain. A small sprocket forces each link to change direction at a phenomenal rate and through a phenomanal angle... hence the heat.
3) Other than 'belt drive' it's the 'practical' drive system with the LOWEST losses.
Ian
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